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Which Digital Tv Service Does Not Need A Converter For Each Tv

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Television transmission using digital encoding

A map depicting digital terrestrial television standards

Digital television (DTV) is the manual of idiot box signals using digital encoding, in dissimilarity to the before analog television engineering science which used analog signals. At the time of its development information technology was considered an innovative advancement and represented the beginning significant development in idiot box technology since color idiot box in the 1950s.[one] Modern digital television is transmitted in high-definition television (HDTV) with greater resolution than analog Goggle box. Information technology typically uses a widescreen aspect ratio (unremarkably 16:nine) in contrast to the narrower format of analog Telly. Information technology makes more than economical apply of deficient radio spectrum space; information technology tin transmit upwardly to seven channels in the same bandwidth as a single analog channel,[two] and provides many new features that analog boob tube cannot. A transition from analog to digital broadcasting began around 2000. Dissimilar digital television broadcasting standards have been adopted in dissimilar parts of the earth; below are the more widely used standards:

  • Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) uses coded orthogonal frequency-sectionalization multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and supports hierarchical manual. This standard has been adopted in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, for a total of approximately lx countries.
  • Advanced Television Organisation Commission (ATSC) standard uses viii-level vestigial sideband (8VSB) for terrestrial dissemination. This standard has been adopted by 9 countries: the Us, Canada, Mexico, Republic of korea, Bahama islands, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Republic of haiti and Suriname.[ citation needed ]
  • Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) is a system designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers and as well portable or mobile receivers. Information technology utilizes OFDM and 2-dimensional interleaving. Information technology supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has been adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which has been adopted in well-nigh of South America and Portuguese-speaking African countries.
  • Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast (DTMB) adopts time-domain synchronous (TDS) OFDM technology with a pseudo-random point frame to serve equally the guard interval (GI) of the OFDM block and the training symbol. The DTMB standard has been adopted in China, including Hong Kong and Macau.[iii]
  • Digital Multimedia Dissemination (DMB) is a digital radio transmission engineering developed in South Korea[four] [v] [half-dozen] as part of the national information technology project for sending multimedia such equally TV, radio and datacasting to mobile devices such every bit mobile phones, laptops and GPS navigation systems.

History [edit]

Groundwork [edit]

Digital television's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital Tv set became a real possibility.[seven] Digital television was previously not practically feasible due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed digital video,[eight] [9] requiring around 200Mbit/due south (25MB/s) for a standard-definition television (SDTV) signal,[eight] and over 1Gbit/s for loftier-definition tv (HDTV).[9]

Evolution [edit]

In the mid-1980s, Toshiba released a television set with digital capabilities, using integrated circuit chips such as a microprocessor to catechumen analog television broadcast signals to digital video signals, enabling features such as freezing pictures and showing two channels at once. In 1986, Sony and NEC Home Electronics announced their own similar Telly sets with digital video capabilities. However, they still relied on analog TV broadcast signals, with true digital TV broadcasts not yet existence bachelor at the fourth dimension.[x] [eleven]

A digital TV broadcast service was proposed in 1986 past Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network Organisation" service.

In the mid-1980s, every bit Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and every bit the MUSE analog format was proposed by Japan's public broadcaster NHK as a worldwide standard, Japanese advancements were seen as pacesetters that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than than 23 unlike technical concepts under consideration.

Between 1988 and 1991, several European organizations were working on DCT-based digital video coding standards for both SDTV and HDTV. The European union 256 project by the CMTT and ETSI, along with research past Italian broadcaster RAI, adult a DCT video codec that broadcast SDTV at 34Mbit/due south and most-studio-quality HDTV at about 70–140 Mbit/southward. RAI demonstrated this with a 1990 FIFA World Cup broadcast in March 1990.[ix] [12] An American company, General Musical instrument, too demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal in 1990. This led to the FCC beingness persuaded to delay its determination on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be adult.

In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. Kickoff, the Commission declared that the new TV standard must be more than than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. So, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital tv set could continue to receive conventional tv set broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "simulcast" on different channels. The new ATV standard too allowed the new DTV indicate to be based on entirely new pattern principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements.[7]

The final standard adopted by the FCC did not crave a single standard for scanning formats, attribute ratios, or lines of resolution. This issue resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined past some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the pic manufacture and some public involvement groups) over which of the ii scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans fifty-fifty-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not "flicker" in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet, and is more than cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film manufacture as well supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient ways of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their role, the consumer electronics manufacture and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the merely technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures so (and currently) viable, i.due east., 1,080 lines per picture and ane,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily uniform with a progressive format.[vii]

Countdown launches [edit]

DirecTV in the U.Southward. launched the first commercial digital satellite platform in May 1994, using the Digital Satellite Arrangement (DSS) standard.[thirteen] [xiv] Digital cablevision broadcasts were tested and launched in the U.S. in 1996 by TCI and Time Warner.[fifteen] [sixteen] The first digital terrestrial platform was launched in November 1998 as ONdigital in the United Kingdom, using the DVB-T standard.[17]

Technical information [edit]

Formats and bandwidth [edit]

Comparison of image quality between ISDB-T (1080i broadcast, top) and NTSC (480i transmission, bottom)

Digital television supports many different picture formats defined past the broadcast tv systems which are a combination of size and aspect ratio (width to height ratio).

With digital terrestrial television receiver (DTT) broadcasting, the range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories: high-definition telly (HDTV) for the manual of loftier-definition video and standard-definition tv (SDTV). These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases be.

One of several unlike HDTV formats that can be transmitted over DTV is: 1280 × 720 pixels in progressive scan mode (abbreviated 720p) or 1920 × 1080 pixels in interlaced video mode (1080i). Each of these uses a 16:ix aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over analog television channels considering of channel capacity issues.

SDTV, by comparing, may use one of several unlike formats taking the class of various aspect ratios depending on the engineering used in the land of broadcast. In terms of rectangular pixels, NTSC countries can deliver a 640 × 480 resolution in 4:3 and 854 × 480 in 16:9, while PAL can give 768 × 576 in 4:3 and 1024 × 576 in xvi:9. However, broadcasters may choose to reduce these resolutions to reduce bit rate (eastward.m., many DVB-T channels in the United kingdom use a horizontal resolution of 544 or 704 pixels per line).[18]

Each commercial broadcasting terrestrial television receiver DTV channel in N America is permitted to be broadcast at a fleck rate up to 19 megabits per second. However, the broadcaster does not demand to use this entire bandwidth for just one broadcast channel. Instead the broadcast can use the aqueduct to include PSIP and can also subdivide beyond several video subchannels (a.k.a. feeds) of varying quality and compression rates, including non-video datacasting services that allow one-way high-scrap-charge per unit streaming of data to computers like National Datacast.

A broadcaster may opt to use a standard-definition (SDTV) digital signal instead of an HDTV bespeak, because electric current convention allows the bandwidth of a DTV channel (or "multiplex") to be subdivided into multiple digital subchannels, (similar to what most FM radio stations offer with HD Radio), providing multiple feeds of entirely different television programming on the same channel. This ability to provide either a single HDTV feed or multiple lower-resolution feeds is often referred to equally distributing one's "fleck budget" or multicasting. This can sometimes be arranged automatically, using a statistical multiplexer (or "stat-mux"). With some implementations, paradigm resolution may exist less directly express past bandwidth; for case in DVB-T, broadcasters can choose from several unlike modulation schemes, giving them the option to reduce the transmission bit rate and brand reception easier for more distant or mobile viewers.

Receiving digital signal [edit]

In that location are several different ways to receive digital television. One of the oldest ways of receiving DTV (and Telly in general) is from terrestrial transmitters using an antenna (known equally an aerial in some countries). This way is known as Digital terrestrial television (DTT). With DTT, viewers are limited to channels that have a terrestrial transmitter in range of their antenna.

Other ways have been devised to receive digital tv. Among the most familiar to people are digital cablevision and digital satellite. In some countries where transmissions of TV signals are commonly achieved past microwaves, digital MMDS is used. Other standards, such as Digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) and DVB-H, have been devised to allow handheld devices such as mobile phones to receive TV signals. Some other way is IPTV, that is receiving TV via Internet Protocol, relying on digital subscriber line (DSL) or optical cable line. Finally, an culling fashion is to receive digital Television receiver signals via the open up Internet (Net tv set), whether from a central streaming service or a P2P (peer-to-peer) system.

Some signals comport encryption and specify use conditions (such every bit "may not be recorded" or "may not be viewed on displays larger than i thou in diagonal measure") backed upward with the forcefulness of law under the Earth Intellectual Holding Arrangement Copyright Treaty (WIPO Copyright Treaty) and national legislation implementing it, such equally the U.Due south. Digital Millennium Copyright Deed. Admission to encrypted channels tin can be controlled by a removable smart card, for example via the Common Interface (DVB-CI) standard for Europe and via Point Of Deployment (POD) for IS or named differently CableCard.

Protection parameters for terrestrial DTV broadcasting [edit]

Digital television signals must not interfere with each other, and they must also coexist with analog boob tube until it is phased out. The following table gives commanded signal-to-noise and point-to-interference ratios for various interference scenarios. This table is a crucial regulatory tool for controlling the placement and ability levels of stations. Digital Television set is more tolerant of interference than analog TV, and this is the reason a smaller range of channels can carry an all-digital set of television stations.[19]

Arrangement Parameters
(protection ratios) 		Canada [13] USA [five] EBU [9, 12]
ITU-mode M3 		Japan & Brazil [36, 37][A]
C/North for AWGN Channel +19.5 dB
(16.5 dB[B]) 		+xv.19 dB +19.three dB +19.2 dB
Co-Channel DTV into Analog TV +33.8 dB +34.44 dB +34 ~ 37 dB +38 dB
Co-Channel Analog TV into DTV +7.2 dB +ane.81 dB +four dB +iv dB
Co-Channel DTV into DTV +19.5 dB
(16.5 dB[B]) 		+15.27 dB +19 dB +19 dB
Lower Side by side Channel DTV into Analog Goggle box −16 dB −17.43 dB −5 ~ −11 dB[C] −6 dB
Upper Adjacent Channel DTV into Analog Idiot box −12 dB −xi.95 dB −1 ~ −x[C] −5 dB
Lower Adjacent Aqueduct Analog TV into DTV −48 dB −47.33 dB −34 ~ −37 dB[C] −35 dB
Upper Adjacent Channel Analog Tv into DTV −49 dB −48.71 dB −38 ~ −36 dB[C] −37 dB
Lower Side by side Aqueduct DTV into DTV −27 dB −28 dB −30 dB −28 dB
Upper Adjacent Channel DTV into DTV −27 dB −26 dB −thirty dB −29 dB
  1. ^ ISDB-T (6 MHz, 64QAM, R=2/iii), Analog Tv (M/NTSC).
  2. ^ a b The Canadian parameter, C/(N+I) of dissonance plus co-channel DTV interface should be 16.5 dB.
  3. ^ a b c d Depending on analog TV systems used.

Interaction [edit]

People tin interact with a DTV system in diverse ways. I can, for example, browse the electronic program guide. Modern DTV systems sometimes utilise a render path providing feedback from the finish user to the broadcaster. This is possible with a coaxial or fiber optic cable, a dialup modem, or Internet connectedness but is non possible with a standard antenna.

Some of these systems support video on demand using a communication channel localized to a neighborhood rather than a city (terrestrial) or an even larger area (satellite).

one-segment broadcasting [edit]

Chief article: 1seg

1seg (1-segment) is a special form of ISDB. Each aqueduct is further divided into 13 segments. The 12 segments of them are allocated for HDTV and remaining segment, the 13th, is used for narrow-band receivers such as mobile television or cell phone.

Timeline of transition [edit]

Comparison of analog vs digital [edit]

DTV has several advantages over analog Television receiver, the about significant existence that digital channels take up less bandwidth, and the bandwidth needs are continuously variable, at a corresponding reduction in image quality depending on the level of compression besides as the resolution of the transmitted prototype. This means that digital broadcasters can provide more digital channels in the same space, provide high-definition television service, or provide other not-boob tube services such as multimedia or interactivity. DTV also permits special services such every bit multiplexing (more than 1 programme on the aforementioned channel), electronic plan guides and additional languages (spoken or subtitled). The sale of non-television services may provide an additional revenue source.

Digital and analog signals react to interference differently. For case, common bug with analog idiot box include ghosting of images, noise from weak signals, and many other potential problems which degrade the quality of the image and audio, although the program material may still be watchable. With digital boob tube, the audio and video must be synchronized digitally, so reception of the digital point must exist very nigh complete; otherwise, neither audio nor video will be usable. Short of this complete failure, "blocky" video is seen when the digital signal experiences interference.

Analog TV began with monophonic sound, and later adult multichannel television audio with two contained audio signal channels. DTV allows up to 5 audio indicate channels plus a subwoofer bass channel, with broadcasts similar in quality to motion-picture show theaters and DVDs.[20]

Digital TV signals require less transmission power than analog TV signals to be broadcast and received satisfactorily.[21]

Compression artifacts, picture quality monitoring, and allocated bandwidth [edit]

DTV images have some picture defects that are not present on analog goggle box or move picture picture palace, because of present-day limitations of bit rate and pinch algorithms such as MPEG-2. This defect is sometimes referred to as "musquito racket".[22]

Because of the way the homo visual system works, defects in an image that are localized to detail features of the image or that come and go are more perceptible than defects that are uniform and constant. However, the DTV system is designed to take advantage of other limitations of the human visual organisation to help mask these flaws, e.yard. by allowing more compression artifacts during fast movement where the eye cannot runway and resolve them as easily and, conversely, minimizing artifacts in nevertheless backgrounds that may exist closely examined in a scene (since fourth dimension allows).

Broadcast, cable, satellite, and Cyberspace DTV operators command the flick quality of television signal encodes using sophisticated, neuroscience-based algorithms, such as the structural similarity (SSIM) video quality measurement tool, which was accorded each of its inventors a Primetime Emmy considering of its global use. Another tool, called Visual Data Fidelity (VIF), is a top-performing algorithm at the core of the Netflix VMAF video quality monitoring system, which accounts for about 35% of all U.S. bandwidth consumption.

Effects of poor reception [edit]

Changes in signal reception from factors such equally degrading antenna connections or irresolute atmospheric condition atmospheric condition may gradually reduce the quality of analog Boob tube. The nature of digital TV results in a perfectly decodable video initially, until the receiving equipment starts picking up interference that overpowers the desired signal or if the indicate is besides weak to decode. Some equipment will show a garbled picture with significant harm, while other devices may get directly from perfectly decodable video to no video at all or lock up. This phenomenon is known every bit the digital cliff consequence.

Block mistake may occur when transmission is washed with compressed images. A block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames, making viewing hard.

For remote locations, distant channels that, every bit analog signals, were previously usable in a snowy and degraded state may, every bit digital signals, be perfectly decodable or may go completely unavailable. The use of higher frequencies will add to these problems, especially in cases where a clear line-of-sight from the receiving antenna to the transmitter is not available, because ordinarily higher frequency signals tin can't pass through obstacles as easily.

Effect on quondam analog technology [edit]

Television sets with only analog tuners cannot decode digital transmissions. When analog dissemination over the air ceases, users of sets with analog-simply tuners may apply other sources of programming (e.g. cablevision, recorded media) or may buy fix-top converter boxes to tune in the digital signals. In the United States, a regime-sponsored coupon was available to start the cost of an external converter box. Analog switch-off (of full-ability stations) took place on December 11, 2006 in Kingdom of the netherlands,[23] June 12, 2009 in the U.s.a. for full-ability stations, and after for Class-A Stations on September ane, 2016,[24] July 24, 2011 in Japan,[25] Baronial 31, 2011 in Canada,[26] Feb thirteen, 2012 in Arab states, May ane, 2012 in Germany, October 24, 2012 in the United Kingdom[27] and Republic of ireland,[28] October 31, 2012 in selected Indian cities,[29] and Dec x, 2013 in Australia.[30] Completion of analog switch-off is scheduled for December 31, 2017 in the whole of India,[29] December 2018 in Republic of costa rica and around 2020 for the Philippines.

Disappearance of Tv-audio receivers [edit]

Prior to the conversion to digital Goggle box, analog boob tube circulate sound for TV channels on a divide FM carrier signal from the video point. This FM sound indicate could exist heard using standard radios equipped with the advisable tuning circuits.

However, after the transition of many countries to digital TV, no portable radio manufacturer has withal developed an culling method for portable radios to play simply the audio signal of digital Television set channels; DTV radio is not the same thing.

Ecology issues [edit]

The adoption of a broadcast standard incompatible with existing analog receivers has created the trouble of large numbers of analog receivers beingness discarded during digital television transition. One superintendent of public works was quoted in 2009 saying; "some of the studies I've read in the trade magazines say upwards to a quarter of American households could be throwing a Television out in the next 2 years following the regulation change".[31] In 2009, an estimated 99 one thousand thousand analog TV receivers were sitting unused in homes in the US lone and, while some obsolete receivers are being retrofitted with converters, many more than are but dumped in landfills where they represent a source of toxic metals such equally atomic number 82 as well as bottom amounts of materials such equally barium, cadmium and chromium.[32] [33]

According to one entrada group, a CRT computer monitor or Television contains an average of 8 pounds (3.6 kg) of atomic number 82.[34] Co-ordinate to another source, the lead in glass of a CRT varies from 1.08 lb to 11.28 lb, depending on screen size and type, but the atomic number 82 is in the form of "stable and immobile" atomic number 82 oxide mixed into the glass.[35] It is claimed that the lead can have long-term negative effects on the environment if dumped as landfill.[36] All the same, the glass envelope can exist recycled at suitably equipped facilities.[37] Other portions of the receiver may be subject to disposal as hazardous material.

Local restrictions on disposal of these materials vary widely; in some cases 2d-manus stores have refused to accept working color goggle box receivers for resale due to the increasing costs of disposing of unsold TVs. Those austerity stores which are still accepting donated TVs have reported significant increases in good-condition working used television set receivers abandoned by viewers who frequently await them not to work after digital transition.[38]

In Michigan in 2009, one recycler estimated that as many every bit i household in four would dispose of or recycle a Idiot box set in the following year.[39] The digital idiot box transition, migration to high-definition telly receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flatscreens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based telly receivers.

Run into also [edit]

  • Autoroll
  • Broadcast television systems
  • Digital boob tube in the Uk
  • Digital telly in the United states of america
  • Digital terrestrial television
  • Text to Speech in Digital Boob tube

References [edit]

  1. ^ Kruger, Lennard G. (2002). Digital Telly: An Overview. New York: Nova Publishers. ISBN1-59033-502-three.
  2. ^ "HDTV Set Elevation Boxes and Digital Goggle box Broadcast Data". Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  3. ^ Ong, C. Y., Song, J., Pan, C., & Li, Y.(2010, May). Engineering and Standards of Digital Television Terrestrial Multimedia Dissemination [Topics in Wireless Communications], IEEE Communications Mag, 48(v),119-127
  4. ^ "Korea's Terrestrial DMB: Deutschland to begin circulate this May". ZDNet Korea. 2006-04-06. Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
  5. ^ "picturephoning.com: DMB". Textually.org. Archived from the original on 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
  6. ^ "South Korea : Social Media 답변 내용 : 악어새 - 리포트월드". Reportworld.co.kr. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2010-06-17 .
  7. ^ a b c "The Origins and Future Prospects of Digital Television". Benton Foundation. 2008-12-23.
  8. ^ a b Lea, William (1994). Video on need: Enquiry Newspaper 94/68. 9 May 1994: House of Commons Library. Retrieved 20 September 2019. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ a b c Barbero, K.; Hofmann, H.; Wells, N. D. (14 November 1991). "DCT source coding and current implementations for HDTV". EBU Technical Review. European Broadcasting Union (251): 22–33. Retrieved 4 Nov 2019.
  10. ^ Meigs, James B. (June 1986). "Abode Video: Become ready for digital". Pop Mechanics. Vol. 163, no. 6. Hearst Magazines. p. 52. ISSN 0032-4558.
  11. ^ Bateman, Selby (April 1986). "New Technologies: The Converging Digital Universe". Compute!. No. 71. pp. 21-29 (26-8).
  12. ^ Barbero, M.; Stroppiana, M. (October 1992). "Data pinch for HDTV transmission and distribution". IEE Colloquium on Applications of Video Pinch in Broadcasting: x/1–ten/5.
  13. ^ "History of U.S. Satellite Broadcasting Company, Inc. – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  14. ^ "Business Insider: Digital satellite TV has Indy roots". Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  15. ^ "NextLevel signs cable deal - December. 17, 1997". money.cnn.com . Retrieved 9 Baronial 2018.
  16. ^ "TCI faces big challenges - Aug. 15, 1996". money.cnn.com . Retrieved ix August 2018.
  17. ^ "Culvert+ TECHNOLOGIES and the world's first digital terrestrial television service in the United Kingdom". Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  18. ^ Latest snapshots - Freeview/DTT bitrates Archived 2007-eleven-22 at the Wayback Motorcar (Mendip transmitter, UK)
  19. ^ "Often Asked Questions -- What Is Digital Boob tube?". ABC News . Retrieved 2020-09-xxx .
  20. ^ "Digital TV: A Cringley Crash Course — Digital Vs. Analog". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-01-13 .
  21. ^ https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-BT.2140-3-2011-PDF-E.pdf[ bare URL PDF ]
  22. ^ Le Dinh, Phuc-Tue; Patry, Jacques (February 24, 2006). "Video compression artifacts and MPEG noise reduction". Video Imaging DesignLine . Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  23. ^ "How Television went Digital in The Netherlands" (PDF). Open Society Foundations September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2013-02-04 .
  24. ^ "The Digital Tv Transition: Will You Exist Afflicted?". FCC . Retrieved 2009-eleven-02 .
  25. ^ "New DTV Hard Date: July 24, 2011?". B&C . Retrieved 2009-11-02 . - expressionless link
  26. ^ "DTV Post-Transition Allocation Programme" (PDF). Spectrum Management and Telecommunication . Retrieved 2009-11-02 .
  27. ^ "Stop of analogue Telly era as switchover completes in the UK" (PDF). Digital UK . Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
  28. ^ "Analogue switch off has finally happened". SAORVIEW . Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
  29. ^ a b "Find out when digital switch over is coming to you". Government of Republic of india Ministry building of Information & Broadcasting . Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
  30. ^ "Australia's ready for digital Television receiver". Digital Ready AU. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-12-25 .
  31. ^ Due north Tonawanda: council discusses time to come Television set disposal Archived 2009-01-31 at the Wayback Car, Neale Gulley, Tonawanda News, January 27, 2009
  32. ^ Old Toxic TVs Crusade Problems, USA TODAY, Jan 27, 2009
  33. ^ Unloading that old Television receiver non quite then uncomplicated, Lee Bergquist, Milwaukee Journal-Sentry, January 23, 2009
  34. ^ Campaigners highlight 'toxic TVs', Maggie Shiels, BBC News, ix January 2009
  35. ^ "Pb in Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) Information Sheet**" (PDF). Electronic Industries Brotherhood. 2001-eleven-30. p. i. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-twenty. Retrieved 2009-09-29 .
  36. ^ Poon, C.S. (2008). "Management of CRT glass from discarded computer monitors and TV sets". Waste Management. 28 (9): 1499. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.001. hdl:10397/24493. PMID 18571917. Retrieved 2009-09-29 . number of studies accept demonstrated that the neck and funnel glasses of CRT are hazardous wastes, while the panel glass exhibits footling toxicity.
  37. ^ What To Exercise With Your Onetime TV'south, Mike Webster, WCSH-TV, Jan 28, 2009 - dead link
  38. ^ Many people throwing out perfectly expert TVs over digital confusion Archived 2009-01-23 at the Wayback Motorcar, Daniel Vasquez, Sunday-Sentinel, Florida, January xix, 2009
  39. ^ Trashing the tube: Digital conversion may spark glut of toxic waste, Jennifer Chambers, Detroit News, January 23, 2009

Further reading [edit]

  • Hart, Jeffrey A., Television, technology, and competition : HDTV and digital Television set in the United States, Western Europe, and Nippon, New York : Cambridge University Printing, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82624-1

External links [edit]

  • Overview of Digital Boob tube Development Worldwide Proceedings of the IEEE, VOL. 94, NO. ane, Jan 2006 (University of Texas at San Antonio)
  • The FCC's U.S. consumer-oriented DTV website
  • Digital TV Consumer test reports - UK Government-funded website to back up Digital Switchover
  • How to Set upwards a DTV Digital Converter Box and Antenna, a how-to article from wikiHow
  • How to Browse for DTV Channels Using a Digital TV Converter Box (and why this must be done eleven June 2009 in US), a how-to article from wikiHow
  • How to Use Your Older VCR, TiVo, or DVR With a DTV Converter Box, a how-to article from wikiHow

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television

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